Doping matters in carbon nanomaterial efficiency in environmental remediation.

Carbon nanomaterials (CNMs) are rapidly emerging in materials science research due to their widespread environmental applications. They are useful for environmental pollutants' remediation through various methods. Heteroatom doping resulted in reliable approaches to overcome pristine CNMs challenges. The engineering of the dopants is believed to be a promising route to improve the efficiency of CNMs in environmental remediation. The idea of doping has been attractive since it allows the control of electronic properties due to the electron transfer between dopants and the host material and the dopants along with the bonding between analogous atoms and carbon atoms. This mini-review, through computational and experimental studies, puts special emphasis on the role of doping different CNMs as an efficient approach to enhance the environmental remediation.

Gold Nanoparticle-Mediated Gene Therapy.

Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) have gained increasing attention as novel drug-delivery nanostructures for the treatment of cancers, infections, inflammations, and other diseases and disorders. They are versatile in design, synthesis, modification, and functionalization. This has many advantages in terms of gene editing and gene silencing, and their application in genetic illnesses. The development of several techniques such as CRISPR/Cas9, TALEN, and ZFNs has raised hopes for the treatment of genetic abnormalities, although more focused experimentation is still needed. AuNPs, however, have been much more effective in trending research on this subject. In this review, we highlight recently well-developed advancements that are relevant to cutting-edge gene therapies, namely gene editing and gene silencing in diseases caused by a single gene in humans by taking an edge of the unique properties of the AuNPs, which will be an important outlook for future research.

Correlation notice on the electrochemical dealloying and antibacterial properties of gold-silver alloy nanoparticles.

Galvanic replacement reaction was used in the synthesis of bimetallic gold-silver alloy nanoparticles (Au-Ag NPs), where pre-synthesized Ag nanoparticles-polyvinylpyrrolidone (AgNPs-PVP) were used to reduce the aryldiazonium tetrachloroaurate(III) salt in water. TEM images and EDS elemental analysis showed the formation of spherical Au-Ag NPs with sizes of 12.8 ± 4.9 nm and 25.6 ± 14.4 nm for corresponding Au-Ag ratios and termed as Au0.91Ag0.09 and Au0.79Ag0.21, respectively, with different concentrations of the gold precursor. The hydrodynamic sizes measured using dynamic light scattering are 46.4 nm and 74.8 nm with corresponding zeta potentials of - 44.56 and - 25.09 mV in water, for Au0.91Ag0.09 and Au0.79Ag0.21 respectively. Oxidative leachability of Ag ion studies from the starting AgNPs-PVP in 1 M NaCl showed a significant decrease in the plasmon peak after 8 h, indicating the complete dissolution of Ag ions, however, there is enhanced oxidation resistivity of Ag from Au-Ag NPs even after 24 h. Electrochemical studies on glassy carbon electrodes displayed a low oxidation peak in aqueous solutions of 20 mM KCl at 0.16 V and KNO3 at 0.33 V vs. saturated calomel electrode (SCE). We studied the antibacterial activity of Au-Ag alloy nanoparticles against gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Enterococcus faecalis, and gram-negative Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Our findings demonstrated superior antibacterial activity of Au-Ag NPs compared with AgNPs-PVP. Moreover, the nanoparticles inhibited the S. epidermidis biofilm formation.

Lysozyme and Human Serum Albumin Proteins as Potential Nitric Oxide Cardiovascular Drug Carriers: Theoretical and Experimental Investigation.

Nitric oxide-containing drugs present a critical remedy for cardiovascular diseases. Nitroglycerin (NG, O-NO) and S-nitrosoglutathione (SNG, S-NO) are the most common nitric oxide drugs for cardiovascular diseases. Insights regarding the binding affinity of NO drugs with lysozyme and human serum albumin (HSA) proteins and their dissociation mechanism will provide inquisitive information regarding the potential of the proteins as drug carriers. For the first time, the binding interactions and affinities are investigated using molecular docking, conventional molecular dynamics, steered molecular dynamics, and umbrella sampling to explore the ability of both proteins to act as nitric oxide drug carriers. The molecular dynamics simulation results showed higher stability of lysozyme-drug complexes compared to HSA. For lysozyme, cardiovascular drugs were bound in the protein cavity mainly by the electrostatic and hydrogen bond interactions with residues ASP53, GLN58, ILE59, ARG62, TRP64, ASP102, and TRP109. For HSA, key binding residues were ARG410, TYR411, LYS414, ARG485, GLU450, ARG486, and SER489. The free energy profiles produced from umbrella sampling also suggest that lysozyme-drug complexes had better binding affinity than HSA-drug. Binding characteristics of nitric oxide-containing drugs NG and SNG to lysozyme and HSA proteins were studied using fluorescence and UV-vis absorption spectroscopy. The relative change in the fluorescence intensity as a function of drug concentrations was analyzed using Stern-Volmer calculations. This was also confirmed by the change in the UV-vis spectra. Fluorescence quenching results of both proteins with the drugs, based on the binding constant values, demonstrated significantly weak binding affinity to NG and strong binding affinity to SNG. Both computational and experimental studies provided important data for understanding protein-drug interactions and will aid in developing potential drug carrier systems in cardiovascular diseases.

FRET-based fluorescent probe for drug assay from amino acid@gold-carbon nanoparticles.

Biocompatible and luminescent nanostructures synthesized by capping gold-carbon nanoparticles (HOOC-4-C6H4-AuNPs) with amino acids tyrosine, tryptophan, and cysteine were used for the quantitative estimation of ranitidine (RNH), a peptic ulcer and gastroesophageal reflux drug. We applied a fluorescence quenching mechanism to investigate the viability of the energy transfer based on gold-carbon nanosensors. Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) calculations showed a donor-acceptor distance of 1.69 nm (Tyr@AuNPs), 2.27 nm (Trp@AuNPs), and 2.32 nm (Cys@AuNPs). The constant time-resolved fluorescence lifetime measurements supported the static quenching nature. This method was successfully utilized in the detection and quantification of RNH, with a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.174, 0.56, and 0.332 µM for Tyr@AuNP, Trp@AuNP, and Cys@AuNP bioconjugates, respectively. This approach was also successful in the quantification of RNH in spiked serum samples.